skO kvQ lkr aw#BRl~ kL nQsl pVQr#vn

mh`c`r~y @h~mp`l vQjyvr~{n sRrhR XWY lAk`@v| phL vR asmsm vRq, 
aq~vQwWy vRq as`m`n& vRq pVQr#vnk~m @vwQ. sQAhl, p`lQ, sAs~k^w 
a`qW @prqQg x`;` q#nR@mn~q iAgWYsQ v#nQ aprqQg x`;` q#nR@mn~q 
p`rpY`p~w vR eb[E pVQvr# awQXyQn~m qEr~lxyh. @p~r`@qNQ vQX~v 
vQq&`l@yhQq inQk~bQwQv @k`LB vQX~v vQq&`l@yhQq sQAhl x`;` 
s`hQw&@yhQ mh`c`r~y pqvQ isQlR @h@wm Z`nv^q~{, gONv^q~{ 
pVQr#vnkQ. sAs~k^w vQc`r kl`v arxy` vR vQX`rq q#nRmq cQr 
prQcQw av@b`~{yq ewOmn~@g~ sRvQ@X~; gSNykQ. s^;Qvr# @hvw~ 
mRnQvr# apYktvm sQtQw#yQ kW @s~m mh`c`r~y vQjyvr~{n sRrhRq 
apYktvm sQtQwQ. qXk hwrkt a{Qk k`lyk~ @p~r`@qNQy pYmRK vQX~v 
vQq&`l hrh` bQhQvR ugwOn~t gOr# vR @mm pVQvry` g#n qn~n` ay 
@k`pmN sQtQw~q? X`s~wY @l`~ky @mn~m a@nk~ @l`~kyq pRqnR lbn 
@x_wQk s#p sm|pw~ lEhRb#[ @n`ymQn~q @l`~ qhmQn~ km|p` @n`vmQn~q 
nQml jly pQrQ vQlk~ @s~ @n`s#@ln gSN@yn~q yRwO @h@wm k`v& 
X`s~wY vQ@n`~q@yn~m jWvQwy @gvn pY`Z@ykQ. x`;` X`s~wY vQ;@yhQ 
mwO @n`v X`s~wWYy sAgWw@yhQq sQyRm| vR vQqg~{ rsQkykO @lsq @h~ 
h#[Qn~vWm vtW. @g`dn#gQl~l vQn` aw~wQv`rm eLQyt @n`@p@nn~n` 
@s~m @m| agYgN& pVQvry`@g~ s~vx`vyq kQsQvkOt @n`@pnWmq pRqEmyk~ 
@n`@v|. mhw~ @prFw~wykQn~ yRwOv krn lq @mm sAv`qy vRvq ewOmn~ 
pQLQb[v asm|pRr~N sthnk~ v#n~n.

mm upn~@n @h`rN. m@g @qmv|pQ@y`~ gOr#vr#. mA is~sr@vl`m gQ@y 
m@g am|myQ w`w~wyQ ugn~npR g@m| is~@k`~@lt. avRr#qE hwrk~ vQwr 
e~ is~@k`~@l i@gngw~w`. It ps~@s @h`rN wk~;Ql` vQq&`lyt a`v`. 
mRlQn~m wk~;Ql`vt a#wOU@vn k`@lqQ e~ is~@k`~@l s`m`n& iAgWYsQ 
is~@k`~lyk~. ps~@s qQyRNR@vl` m{& mh` vQq&`lyk~ vRn`. srsvQ 
pY@v|Xyt aq`L ec|. es~. sW. pn~wQ ptn~ gw~w`. wk~;Ql` vQq&`l@y 
mRlQn~m ec|.es~. sW. pn~wQvl hQtQ@y apQ. is~@k`~@ln~ is~sr@vl` m 
ec|.es~. sW p`s~ @vl` vQX~v vQq&`lyt gQ@y mmyQ wv m@g y`U@vkOyQ. 
m@g y`Uv` sRgwq`s kQyl` @k@nk~. ey` ps~@s k`@lk qQ prQp`ln 
@s~vyt b#[En`. m@g~ jWvQ@w~ v#qgw~m pLmR sn~{Qs~}`ny wmyQ srsvQ 
pY@v|Xy smw~ @vn~n h#kQvWm. 

mm vQX~v vQq&`lyt a#wOLw~ vR@n~ 1954 avRr#q~@q. ew@k`t vQX~v 
vQq&`ly @k`LB wQbQl` @p~r`@qNQyt arn~ gQypR gmn~myQQ. apQ 
@p~r`@qNQy srsvQyt a#wOU vRn @q@vnQ kN~d`ym. 1957 avRr#q~@q 
vQX~v vQq&`l@y pY}m up`{Qy avs`n kL`. e~ avRr#q~@qm w`vk`lQk 
pw~vWmk~ l#bRN vQX~v vQq&`l@y shk`r k}Qk`c`r~yvr@yk~ h#tQyt. 

oy aw@r~ 1958 avRr#q~@q mA sQvQl~ @s~v` wrg vQx`gyt lQv|v`. e~ 
k`@l prQp`ln @s~vyt kQv|@v sQvQl~ @s~vy kQyl`. sQvQl~ @s~v` 
vQx`g@yn~ lAk`@vn~ pLmR @vnQ w#n mt hm|b vRn`. e~w~ mA sQvQl~ 
@s~vyt @n`gQhQn~ qQgtm vQX~v vQq&`l@y gOr#vr@yk~ vQqQht in~n 
wWrNy kL`. eq` i[l` 1972 qk~v` mA @p~r`@qNQy vQX~v vQq&`l@y~ 
hQtQy`. 1971 klbl qvs~ vl mA iw`m q#dQ pWd`vkt pw~ vRn`. apQt 
@gvl~ vlt en~n b#rQv @p~r`@qNQ@y @k`tR vRn`. e~ @vn@k`t m@g~ 
w`w~w` wrmk~ asnW@pn~ hQtQ@y. @m| v@g~ pYX~n @g`dk~ a`v`. e~ 
hQn~q` mA hQwOv` @k`LB vQX~v vQq&`lyt m`r#vk~ argn~n. ew@k`t 
@k`LB vQX~v vQq&`l@y X`s~wY pWTy ptn~ gw~wO alRwmyQ. mh`c`r~y 
em|. bW. a`rQyp`l mhw~my` wmyQ sQAhl aAX@y pY{`nQy` @vl` hQtQ@y. 
e~ mhw~my` @b`@h`m k#m#w~@wn~m mt @m@ht en~n idkd slsl` 
qEn~n`. 1972 i[l` @m| qk~v`m qQgtm @k`LB vQX~v vQq&`l@y~ sQAhl 
aAX@y ktyRwO krnv`. 

mA m@g~ a`c`r~y up`{Qy iqQrQpw~ @kr#@v @p~r`@qNQyt. e~w~ up`{Qyt 
aq`L pr~@y~;Ny k@L~ in~qQy`@vqQ. m@g vQ;y u@n~ sAs~k^w k`v& 
vQc`r kl`v. 

@m| vQ;y hq`rn~n m`v @y`mRk@L~ e~ k`@lqQ @k`LB vQX~v vQq&`l@y 
un~nR mh`c`r~y @htQtQa`rc|cQ mhw~wy`. @htQtQa`rc|cQ mhw~wy` e~ 
@y`~jn`v kL`m mm @b`@h`m ihLQn~ k#mwQ vRn`. in~qQy`vt gQhQl~l` 
igngn~n. e~ qvs~vl ohR ym| ym| ktyRwOvlt nQwrm in~qQy`@v| 
pRn`vlt ynv`. e@hm yn@k`t ey`t hm|bR@vl` wQbRN` a`c`r~y 
XAkrn~ kQyn sAs~k^w pVQvry`. iwQA @htQtQa`rc|cQ mhw~wy` kQv|v` 
@mn~n ahvl~ w#n in~nv` @m@hm @k@nk~. ey` @m| vQ;yt @b`@h`m 
@h`[yQ kQyl`.

e~ qvs~vl in~qQy`@v pRn` vQX~v vQq&`lyt anRyRk~w @vc|c @dk$n~ 
@k`@l~j~ kQyl` a`ywnyk~ wQbRN`. e~ a`ywn@y @m| vkv`nR@vqQ 
sAs~k^w Xb|q @k`~;yk~ sm|p`qny @vmQn~ wQbRN. mm m@g~ pr~@y~;N 
ktyRwOvlt a#wOLw~ vR@n~ e~ a`ywnyt.

@m| k`@lqQ in~qQy`@v sAs~k^w k`v& vQc`ry g#n vQ@X~;Z q#nRmk~~ 
wQbRN vQq~vw~wO wOn~@qn` awrQn~ @k@nk~ wmyQ a`c`r~y XAkrn~. 
a`c`r~y XAkrn~@g @g`~l@yk~ vQqQht in~qQy`@vqQ a`rm|x krpR e~ 
XQ;& jWvQ@w~t sm|bn~{ apRr# aw~q#kWm| hRMk~ wQynv`. XAkrn~ pVQwOm` 
pRr`N sm|pYq`yt gr# krpR @k@nk~. ewOm` mt ugn~vn~n ptn~ gw~@w 
ewOm`@g gOr#kOlyt m`v sm|bn~{ kr@gn. e~k m@g jWvQ@w~ apRr# 
aw~q#kWmk~ vRn`. 

in~qQy`vt yn~n klQn~ a{&`pny hq`rn~n wQ@yn a`k`ry g#n mA 
q#n@gn hQtQ@y n$. mm 1960 avRr#q~@q @qs#m|br~vl in~qQy`vt gQy`. 
gQhQl~l` XAkrn~ pVQwOm` hm|bvRn`. ey` @b`@h`m a`q@rn~ m`v 
pQLQgw~w`. It ps~@s mt kQv|v` rt @w`tt pRr#qE @vn~nw~ o|n @n. 
gQhQl~l` tQk qvsk~ a#vQql` krl` en~n. wrmk~ phR@vl` p`dm| v#d 
ptn~ gnQmR kQyl`. ew@k`t mt @w~r#@n~ n$ @m`kk~q @my`@g aqhs 
kQyl`. 

o@h`m swQQykQn~ vQwr qvsk XAkrn~ pVQwOm` mt pNQvRdyk~ evl` 
wQbRN ahvl~ qv@s ahvl~ @vl`vt @gqr en~d kQyl`. en~d kQyl` 
wQbR@n p`dm| v#d ptn~ gn~d. mm yn@k`t sRb n#kwk~ bll`, @l`kO 
srs~vwW pRj`vk~ l$s~wQ krl` wQbRN`. @b`@h`m apRr#vt kQypR e~ 
pRj`@v|qW eLBRn sRx n#kwQn~ mt aw~@p`w~ wQb|b`.

ps~@s XAkrn~ pVQwOm` @g qr#@vk~ wrmt mm ewOm`t @ln~gwO vRn`. 
ewOm` mt s#lkO@v wmRn~@g~m qr#@vk~ v`@g. 1963 mm a`phR en@k`t 
ewOm` @b`@h`~m vys~gwv hQtQ@y. mm en~n hqn@k`t XAkrn~wOm` 
k}` krl` mt kQv|v` oy` wmyQ m@g an~wQm @g`~ly`. mWt ps~@s mt 
@g`~l@y` x`rgn~n Xk~wQyk~ n$. e~ hQn~q` m@g~ jWvQ@w~ vQ@X~; w#nk~ 
oy`t hQmQ@vnv` kQyl`. e~ kQv|v` v@g~m mm in~qQy`@vn~ a#vQw~ avRr#qE 
hwrk~ a#wOLw XAkrn~ pVQwOm` mQy gQy`. mm in~qQy`@vn~ a`vt 
ps~@s ewOm`v jWvm`nv q#kgn~n @n`l#bWm g#n mA wvw~ km|p` 
@vnv`. 

XAkrn~ pVQwOm`@g @hv@n in~qQy`@v gwkrpR e~ avRr#qE wOnqQ mt 
q#nR@n n$ mA vQ@q~X rtk in~nv` kQyl`. eh`t gQhQn~ m`s hyk~ yq~qQ 
mt hQn~qQ @h`[t k}` krn~n pRUvn~ un`. mQnQs~sR qQh` b#lRvw~ apQ 
v`@g. sQwOm| p#wOmQnRw~ ek v`@g.... @b_q~{@yk~ kQv|v`m e@h @h`[ 
pQLQg#nWmk~ @g_rvyk~ wQbRN`. @b`@h`m @ln~gwO vtpQt`vk~ wQbR@N. 
ek~wr` qvsk in~qQy`nR mh`c`r~y vr# tQkk~ k}` kr kr in~n gmn~ 
m@gn~ a#hRv` @h~@m.....lAk`vyQ @m@hyQ aw@r qkQn @vns @m`kk~q 
kQyl`. mA kQv|v` q#n~nm| mt @m`kk~vw~ @vnsk~ n#wOv` v`@gyQ 
q#@nn~@n kQyl`. 

mm in~qQy`@vqQ h#q$r#@v sAs~k^w k`v& vQc`ry. e~ s[h` hRMk~ 
g#BRrQn~ sAs~k^w s`hQw&y h#q$r#v`. sAs~k^w s`hQw&y kQyn~@n 
@b`@h`m a`D& s`hQw&yk~. ehQ iwQh`sy g#n k}` krnv` nm| hRMk~ 
pRUl~v k}` krn~n o|n. e~ hQn~q` iw`m srl s`r`AXyk~ vQwrk~ 
kQyn~nm|. 

sAs~k^w s`hQw&y a`rm|x @vn~@n @@vqQk s`hQw&@yn~. e~ s`hQw&@y 
iwQh`sy kQYs~wO pRr~v yRg vlt ynv`. sAs~k^w x`;`@vn~ mRlQn~m 
lQy#vQl` wQ@yn~@n @v|q gYn~}. It ps~@s It prQv`r vX@yn~ lQy#vRn 
upnQXq~ v`@g q`r~XnQk lQy#vQlQ wQynv`. kQYs~wO pRr~v 6 v#nQ sQyv@s~ 
i[l` wmyQ sAs~k^w k`v& s`hQw&y a#r@Bn~@n. aX~v@G`~; v`@g 
kvWn~@gn~ a`rm|x vRn e~ k`v& s`hQw& vd`w~m uw~kr~;yt n#AvR@y~ 
k`lQq`s v`@g kvWn~. k`lQq`s lQypR @m|GqRwy, rGRvAXy, s^wO sAh`ry, 
kOm`rsm|xvy, v`@g k^wQ s`kOn~wly v`@g k^wQ sAs~k^w s`hQw&@y 
en agYgn& nQr~m`N vQqQht s#l@knv`. It ps~@s x`nR, XWY hr~; 
v`@g @b`@h`m pYwQx`sm|pn~n s`hQw&-k`r@y`~ hmR@vnv`. e~ s`hQw&y 
17 v#nQ sQyvs qk~v` aKN~dv gl`@gn a`v`. 

@m| vQXQ;~t s`hQw&y ax`vyt yn~n @h~wO @g`dk~ blp$v`. It pY{`nm 
@h~wOv vR@n~ bthQr @m`~gl~ a`kYmN. a#f~gnQs~w`ny p#w~@wn~ a`pR 
mRs~lQm| a`kYmN e~ sx&w~vy vQn`X kL`. e~ hQn~q` sAs~k^w a{&yny 
n#vwOn`. ps~@s e~ s`hQw&y a`gmQk ktyRwOvlt vQwrk~ sWm`@vn 
w#nkt a`v`. lAk`v v`@g rtvlw~ sAs~k^w v#nQ vQ;yyn~ g#n 
wQbRN unn~qEv av{`ny n#wQ@vl` gQy`.

e~ s`hQw&@yn~ a@p~ s`hQw&y hRMk~ a`x`;y l#bRv`. a@p~ vQwrk~ 
@n@myQ. sAs~k^w s`hQw&@y~ rFs~ pYYx`v qYvQd s`hQw&ytw~ l#bRN`. 
@vnw~ s`hQw&yn~tw~ blp$m| kL`. k`lQq`s@g~ @m|G qRwy blmR. 
@m|GqRw@y~ en~@n ek~wr` yk~;@ykOt wmn~@g pQYy`v@gn~ @vn~@vl` 
in~n sQq~{vRn`. e~ vQrh avs~}`@v| qW wmRn~@g x`r~y`v ek~k k}` 
bh krn~n vQqQhk~ n#wQv ohR v#hQvl`kOlk~ a@w~ sA@q~Xyk~ yvn 
sQq~Qyk~ wmyQ @m|GqRwyt @w~m` vR@n~. sA@q~Xy arn~ yn gmn~ 
m`r~gy wQynv`. pQYy`v in~@n alk`pRr@y. e~ alk`pRry g#n 
@b`@h`m rmNWy vr~Nn`vk~ wQQynv`. s~vx`v @s_n~qr~yy av&`jv 
vr~Nn` krnv`. @b`@h`~m pYwQx`sm|pn~nv iw`m ihL kvWw~vyk~ 
qk~vnv`. upm` r$pk p`vQc|cQ kQr@m|qW k`v& sAkl~pn` iw`m ihLyQ. 
pQrQ@hmQn~ p#vwQ psR k@lkqQ alAk`ryt g#wQvRn v&`j bvk~ 
@pn~nRvw~ k`lQq`s@g @m|GqRwy lQy#@vn k`@lqQ sAs~k^w s`hQw&@y 
wQbR@N @b@hvQn~m av&`j s~vx`vyk~. k`lQq`s@g @m|GqRwy hrh` 
wmyQ sA@q~X k`v&yk a`k^wQy mRlQn~m iqQrQpw~ vR@n~. a@p~ sA@q~X 
k`v&@yw~ gOr# krgw~@w @m|GqRw@yn~ iqQrQpw~ vRn e~ apRr# a`k^wQy. 
e~ sAs~k^w s`hQw&@y~ h#dhRr#km, gwQgON anRv wmyQ pY{`n 
vX@yn~m a@p~ k`v& s`hQw&y h#dg#sR@n. k`v& @X~Kry, kv|sQUmQN 
v#nQ pY{`n @p@L~ k^wQ sQyl~lk~m sAs~k^w k`v&y rwQvlt anRv 
wmyQ lQy#vQl` wQ@yn~@n. @b`@h`~ @q@nk~ kQynv`. k`v& rcn`vn~ 
s[h` sAs~k^w k`v&@y~ qW a`k^wQyk~ iqQrQpw~ kQrm hQn~q` uss~ 
k`v&vlt pv` ym| ym| h`nQ @vl` wQynv` kQyl`. nmRw~ e~ a`k^wQy 
nQr~m`Nkr#vn~t e~ wrm| b`{`vk~ vR@n~ n$. e~ kvWn~@g~ pYwQx` Xk~wQy 
wQynv` nm| @m| a`k^wQy @h`[ nQr~m`Nyk~ bQhQ krgn~n b`{`vk~ 
@vl` n$... "kv|sQUmQN" It @h`[ uq`hrNyk~....

apQt axQm`nyk~ a#wQ krgn~n wrm| @h`[ apRr# nQr~m`N a@p~ pRr`N 
s`hQw&@y wQynv`. kv| sQUmQN, k`v&@X~Kry, v`@g nQr~m`N, 
gOw~wQly, bRqEgON alAk`ry v`@g nQr~m`N kOmn s`hQw&yktvw~ 
@q@vnQ @vn~@n n$. 

hRM @q@nk~ bthQr s`hQw&y hRMk~ ihLQn~ agy krnv`. a#w~wtm 
bthQr kQv|v`m vQX`l s`hQw&yk~. e~kt pYAX s`hQw&, r#sQy`nR, vQXQ;~t, 
s`hQw&yn~ a#wOU @vnv`. e~v` a#wOLw~ pRUl~ vpsrQyk p#wQr#v`. 
mRU bthQr s`hQw&ym ek~k bln@k`t a@p~ s`hQw&y iw` kOdyQ. e~w~ 
nQr~m`NXWlQw~v@yn~ anRnyQ. v#rFq~q wQ@yn~@n a@p~ pRr`N s`hQw&y 
vQc`ry krn bthQr vQc`r mQNRm| qVR x`vQw kQrmyQ. e~ s[h` bthQr 
vQc`rkYm pYm`Nvw~ n$..

sAs~k^w k`v& vQc`ry g#n mA @p`w~ kWpyk~ lQv|v`. sAs~k^w vQc`r 
mRl{r~m @p`w lQv|@v mA i@gngw~wO @q~vl~ sm|pQN~~dny krl`. It 
ps~@s k`v& vQc`r g@v|;N kQyn @p`w lQv|v`. @m|vt amwrv 
u_r`@p`l @s`~m`@l`~k h`mRqEr#@v` ek~k ekwO@vl` "s`rxSmQ" @p`w 
prQvr~wny kL`. X`s~wWYy lQpQ gNn`vk~ @p`w~ pw~ sMr`vl pL 
kL`. 

@m| qvs~vl mA m`lqQvyQn~ x`;`v g#n pr~@y~;N krnv`. e~kt 
idkd s#lsR@n~ ahm|@bn~. m`lqQvyQ@n~ p#rNQm wB sn~ns hm|b 
vRn`. e~ wB sn~ns kQyv`gn~n @l`~@k h#m rtkm v`@g vQX~v 
vQq&`lvlt @y`mR kLw~ h#kQ@vl` wQbR@N n$. ps~@s e~ r@tQ 
nQ@y`~jQw@yk~ @m| sn~n@s~ pQtpw~ @k`LB vQX~v vQq&`lyt @y`mR 
kL`. e~ @vn@k`t vQX~v vQq&`l@y kOlpwQ @vl` un~@n s~t#n~lQ 
vQ@j~sRn~qr mhw~my`. ohR m`vyQ @j~. bW qQs`n`yk mhw~my`vyQ 
@pn~vl` @m| sn~ns kQyvn~n h#kQq kQyl` a#hRv`. akOr# sQAhl 
akOr# vlt sm`nyQ... apQ kQv|v pRUvn~ kQyl`. ps~@s apQ 
m`lqQvyQnt gQhQn~ e~ sn~ns kQyvl` pYk`Xyt pw~ kL`. 
m`lqQvyQ@n~ h#m qRpwktm gQhQl~l` x`;` vQvQ{w~vy g#n 
g@v|;Ny kL`. 

e~k alEw~m aw~q#kWmk~.. mA wvmw~ vQvQ{ X`s~wWYy kr#NR a{&yny 
krmQn~, i@gn gnQmQn~ in~nv`. 

C`y`r$p nQh`l~ cn~qYkOm`r