psE k@Lk @k`t@h~n @ht|tQy`vw~wt p#mQNQ nn~q\` q\#rQy @k`t@h~n XWY gON`nn~q\ 
vQqEhlQn~ sQp~swr h#q\$rWy. 1962 vn vQt p`sl wOl sQy q\s~km| m#nvQn~ vQq\h` 
q\k~vmQn~, kvQ kQyn nn~q\` nmQn~ pYkt vR m#y, 1962 vn vQt p`sl~ 32 k~ awr
p#vwQ kvQ wrM`vlQykQn~ pY}m s~}`ny lb`@gn sQtQy`y. nn~q\` q\#rQy@g~ @mm 
q\s~km| h[En`gw~ m`gYt| @p@'r` mhw~mQy a#yv gOvn~ vQqElQy @vw @y`mE krn lq\Q.

gOvn~ vQqElQ@y~ Lm` pQtQyt ek~vEN nn~q\`t sQy h#kQy`vn~ eLQ q\#k~vWmt ew#n @w`~w#n~nk~ vQy. sQy pY}m gOvn~ vQqElQ gWwy @ls "qEr pv@n~ @m| kOU gOv@n~" gWwy g`yn` kL m#y, nn~q\` m`lQnW nmQn~ sQy g`yn q\QvQy a`rm|x kL`y. (m`lQnW yn nm a#yv sQy nQv@s~q\W amwn lq\ n`my vQy.) Lm` pQtQ@y~ nQ'm`N vlt q\`yk @vmQn~ sQtQ nn~q\` m`lQnQyt, mdvl es~. rw~n`yk, vQml~ axysEn~q\r, db|. dW. amr@q\~v, mhgm@s~kr v#nQ pYvWn kl`kr#vn~@g~ v#dsthn~ vltq\ q\`yk vWmt avk`X l#bENQ.

Lm` pQtQ@y~ nQ'm`N vlt q\`yk @vmQn~ sQtQ nn~q\` m`lQnQyt, mdvl es~. 
rw~n`yk, vQml~ axysEn~q\r, db|. dW. amr@q\~v, mhgm@s~kr v#nQ pYvWn 
kl`kr#vn~@g~ v#dsthn~ vltq\ q\`yk vWmt avk`X l#bENQ. @m@s~ sQqE vR 
a#y@g~ pY}m q\`ykw~vy "m{Evn~wQ" v#dsthn s[\h` vQy. 1962 q\W amr@q\~vyn~
wm pY}m sAgWw a{&]Ny kL` vR rn~mEwOqRv cQwYpt@y~ gWw g`ynyt nn~q\` 
m`lQnQy ek~kr g#nWm a#y@g~ g`yn q\QvQ@y~ v#q\gw~ sn~q\Qs~}`nyk~ sLkONE 
krn~nt vQy. @m| s[\h` a#y n`rq\ q\Qs`@s~skr smg g#yR "gln gMkQ 
jWvQ@w~" gWwy @vnE@vn~ 1964 vs@' pY}m vrt p#v#w~vR srsvQ sm|m`n 
u@L@l~q\W @h`[\m g`yny @vnE@vn~ sm|m`n hQmQvQy. @my nn~q\` m`lQnQy@g~ 
@mn~m, ehQ yEg g`ynyt ek~ vR n`rq\ q\Qs`@s~skr@g~ q\ pY}m sm|m`ny vQy.

1962 q\W sQy p`sl~ q\QvQy avsn~ kL nn~q\` m`lQnQy, psEv amr@q\~v sh 
bW. vQk~t' @p@'r` yn sAgWwZyn~@gn~ sAgWwy h#q\$rWm kr, lk~nv| hQ 
x`w~kN~d vQX~v vQq\&`lyt a#wOU vW mEn~sRd| alQ shWb| mhw` yt@w~ sAgWwy 
hq\r`, ehQ dQp~@l`~m`v q\ hQmQkr gw~w`y. mQn~psE lAk`vt p#mQNQ m#y 
De Mezenod vQqEh@l~ sAgWw gOr#vrQyk~ @ls @s~vy krn awr wOr, gOvn~ 
vQqElQ v#dsthn~ vlt q\`yk vWm q\ @n`kdv` sQqE kL`y. 1963 q\W nn~q\` 
m`lQnW sE@nw~ @g`~kOl smg vQv`h vRv`y. vQv`h@yn~ psE a#yt vr#NQ r@s`~j`
h` am` s`rq\` q\QyNQyn~ @q\@q\n` l#bENQ.

1976 vn vQt gWw g`yny @mn~m gWw s[\h` sAgWw nQ'm`Ny kQrWm q\ 
nn~q\` m`lQnQy vQsQn~ sQqEvQy. "hq\ vQl kLBn", "s#[\$ kUvr" v#nQ jnpYQy 
gWw rFsk sAgWw a{&]Ny a#y sQqE kL awr nWl~ r$psQAh@g~ "srq\Q@yl~ 
@g~ pEw`" cQwYpt@y~ "vtE v#q\~q\`" nm| n`t&my jvnQk`vt sAgWwy spy` 
cQwYpt sAgWw a{&]Ny q\ a`rm|x kL`y. 1981 q\W wQrgw vR "bB` @ktR 
h#tQ" cQwYpt@y~ sAgWw a{&]N q\ nn~q\` m`lQnW vQsQn~ sQqE krn lq\Q. @my
k`n~w`vk vQsQn~ sQAhl cQwYptykt sAgWwy s#pyR pY}m avs~}`v vQy.

1972 q\W nn~q\` m`lQnW a#@g~ pY}m e~k pEq\~gl gWw pYsAgy vR "XYvn a`r`{n`" pYsAgy iq\QrQpw~ krmQn~ sQy sAgWw q\QvQy nv mgkt @y`mE kL`y. a#@g~ @q\vn pYsAgy vR@y~ 1982 q\W iq\QrQpw~ kL "sw&y@y~ gWwy" pYsAgyyQ. pYsAg v`r 500 k~ @v|q\Qk`gw vR @mm pYsAgy h` in~psE iq\QrQpw~ kL "pvn" pYsAgy wOL vR gWw, hE@q\k~ @pY~my, vQrhv v#nQ sElx m`w^k` vlt pmNk~ sWm` @n`vEn awr evkt XYW l`AkQkyQn~ aw~qEtE xW;Ny, qR;Ny, sm`j as`{`rNy, m'{ny v#nQ k`lWn m`w^k` rFgw~ nQ'm`N q\ vQy.

@m| pYsAg @h~wO@vn~ em gWw g`yn` kL nn~q\` m`lQnW ht q\, em gWw rcn` 
kL sEnQl~ a`rQyrw~n h` vQvQ{ aAX vlQn~ q\`yk vR kl` kr#vn~ rFskt q\ 
mrNWy w'jn pv` el~l vQy.

sQy e~k pEq\~gl pYsAg a`rm|x kQrWmw~ smg nn~q\` m`lQnW XQl~pQnQy, wm sAgWw 
pYsAg vQ@q\~Xyn~hQ iq\QrQpw~ kQrWm q\ a`rm|x kL`y. 1981 a@pY~l~ 11 vn q\Qn 
ln~dn~ nEvr q\W iq\QrQpw~ kL e~k pEq\~gl sAgWw pYsAgy, a#@g~ pY}m vQ@q\~Xgw 
sAgWw pYsAgy @mn~m XWY lAk`@v| g`yn XQl~pQ@ykO vQ@q\~Xyk p#v#w~vR pY}m 
pYsAgy q\ eym vQy. in~psE abEd`bQy, @r`~my, pYAXy, iw`lQy, os~@t|YlQy`v, 
sQAgp~pRr#v, jQnWv`, b'lWny, bh@'n~, b`yQ, m`lq\QvyQn a`q\W rtvl~ gNn`vk
nn~q\` m`lQnQy@g~ pYsAg @v|q\Qk`gw vQy.

1982 vn vQt @pY~mq\`s mEqEn~@k`tEv mhw`@gn~ sAgWwy hq\`rmQn~ sQtQ nn~q\` 
m`lQnW XQl~pQnQy, 1984 q\W x`w~kN~d vQX~v vQq\&`l@yn~ sQy vQX`rq\ up`{Qy pLmE 
@pL s`m`'} shQwv lb` gw~w`y.

gOvn~ vQqElQ, cQwYpt, @v|q\Qk` pYsAg yn m`{&yn~ wOlQn~ rsQky` awrt p#mQNQ nn~q\` m`lQnQy, 1974 q\W sQy pY}m k#st| pty nQkOw~ kr nvwm m`{&ykQn~ sQy rsQkyn~ awrt pQvQsWm a`rm|x kL`y. eq\` ptn~ @m| vn @wk~ a#y k#st| pt 25 kt a{Qk pYm`Nyk~ eLQ q\k~v` a#w. e@mn~m q\#n~ jnpQYy m`{&k~v pvwQn sAyEk~w w#tQ gNn`vk~ q\ eLQ q\k~v` a#w. v'wm`n@y~ q\ vsrk~ p`s` a#@g~ nv nQ'm`N vlQn~ yEw~ k#st| ptyk~ h` sAyEk~w w#tQyk~ eLQ q\#k~vWm sWm` shQw sQA lAk` sm`gm vQsQn~ sQqE kryQ.

@m@s~ vsrk~ p`s` iq\QrQpw~ kL nQ'm`N ekwO vl bhEwrykt gWw rcn@yn~ 
q\`yk vW a#w~@w~ mh`c`'y sEnQl~ a`rQyrw~nyn~ vn awr, m$w q\W iq\QrQpw~ kL 
"arlQy ln~q\" h` "ml~mq\ bQsvE" gWw ekwSn~ mgQn~ nvwm gWw rckyQn~ h` wnE 
rckyQn~ pQrQsk~ h[En~v` q\Wm sQqE @krQnQ.

ihw kW m`{&yn~t amwrv 80 q\Xk@y~ ptn~ vQk`Xny vR r$pv`hQnW @tlQ 
n`t&y rFsk @w~m` h` psEbQm| g`yn` rFsktq\ vQX`rq\ nn~q\` m`lQnQy q\`yk 
vRv`y. sQnm` nQLQ g`yQk`vk@g~ jWvQw k}`v @w~m`v vR, @bnt| rw~n`ykyn~@g~ 
"wr#" @tlQ n`t&@y~ sQyUm gWw g`yny nn~q\` m`lQnQy vQsQn~ sQqE @krQNQ.

@m@s~ vQvQ{`k`r vR m`{& wOlQn~ vsr 35 kt a{Qk k`Lyk~ sQy m{Er hVQn~ rsQkyQn~@g~ gW pvs nQv`lmQn~ q\. ovEn~ q\#nEvw~ krmQn~ q\, XYW l`AkQk sAgWw krLQ@y~ @n`m#@kn @m@hyk~ kL nn~q\` m`lQnQy iq\QrQyt q\ nv nQ'm`N wOLQn~ sQy sh^q\yQn~ awrt p#mQNWm sQqE krNE a#w.